How to compute the derivative of a function (in Python, using SymPy)

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Task

Given a mathematical function $f(x)$, we write $f^{\prime }(x)$ or $\frac{d}{dx}f(x)$ to represent its derivative, or the rate of change of $f$ with respect to $x$. How can we compute $f^{\prime }(x)$ using mathematical software?

Solution

This answer assumes you have imported SymPy as follows.

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from sympy import *                   # load all math functions
init_printing( use_latex='mathjax' )  # use pretty math output

In SymPy, we tend to work with formulas (that is, mathematical expressions) rather than functions (like $f(x)$). So if we wish to compute the derivative of $f(x)=10x^2-16x+1$, we will focus on just the $10x^2-16x+1$ portion.

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var( 'x' )
formula = 10*x**2 - 16*x + 1
formula

${\displaystyle 10x^2-16x+1}$

We can compute its derivative by using the diff function.

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diff( formula )

${\displaystyle 20x-16}$

If it had been a multi-variable function, we would need to specify the variable with respect to which we wanted to compute a derivative.

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var( 'y' )               # introduce a new variable
formula2 = x**2 - y**2   # consider the formula x^2 + y^2
diff( formula2, y )      # differentiate with respect to y

${\displaystyle -2y}$

We can compute second or third derivatives by repeating the variable with respect to which we’re differentiating. To do partial derivatives, use multiple variables.

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diff( formula, x, x )    # second derivative with respect to x

${\displaystyle 20}$

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diff( formula2, x, y )   # mixed partial derivative

${\displaystyle 0}$

Content last modified on 24 July 2023.

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Contributed by Nathan Carter (ncarter@bentley.edu)