How to compute a confidence interval for a population mean

Description

If we have a set of data that seems normally distributed, how can we compute a confidence interval for the mean? Assume we have some confidence level already chosen, such as $\alpha=0.05$.

We will use the $t$-distribution because we have not assumed that we know the population standard deviation, and we have not assumed anything about our sample size. If you know the population standard deviation or have a large sample size (typically at least 30), then you can use $z$-scores instead; see how to compute a confidence interval for a population mean using z-scores.

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Solution, in Julia

View this solution alone.

When applying this technique, you would have a series of data values for which you needed to compute a confidence interval for the mean. But in order to provide code that runs independently, we create some fake data below. When using this code, replace our fake data with your real data.

alpha = 0.05       # replace with your chosen alpha (here, a 95% confidence level)
data = [ 435,542,435,4,54,43,5,43,543,5,432,43,36,7,876,65,5 ] # fake

# Compute the confidence interval:
using HypothesisTests
confint( OneSampleTTest( data ), level=1-alpha, tail=:both )

(70.2984781107082, 350.05446306576243)

Note: The solution above assumes that the population is normally distributed, which is a common assumption in introductory statistics courses, but we have not verified that assumption here.

Content last modified on 24 July 2023.

See a problem? Tell us or edit the source.

Using SciPy, in Python

View this solution alone.

This solution uses a 95% confidence level, but you can change that in the first line of code, by specifing a different alpha.

alpha = 0.05       # replace with your chosen alpha (here, a 95% confidence level)
data = [ 435,542,435,4,54,43,5,43,543,5,432,43,36,7,876,65,5 ] # fake

# We will use NumPy and SciPy to compute some of the statistics below.
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats as stats

# Compute the sample mean, as an estimate for the population mean.
sample_mean = np.mean( data )

# Compute the Standard Error for the sample Mean (SEM).
sem = stats.sem( data )

# The margin of error then has the following formula.
moe = sem * stats.t.ppf( 1 - alpha / 2, len( data ) - 1 )

# The confidence interval is centered on the mean with moe as its radius:
( sample_mean - moe, sample_mean + moe )

(70.29847811072423, 350.0544630657464)

Note: The solution above assumes that the population is normally distributed, which is a common assumption in introductory statistics courses, but we have not verified that assumption here.

Content last modified on 24 July 2023.

See a problem? Tell us or edit the source.

Solution, in R

View this solution alone.

alpha <- 0.05       # replace with your chosen alpha (here, a 95% confidence level)
data <- c( 435,542,435,4,54,43,5,43,543,5,432,43,36,7,876,65,5 ) # fake

# If you need the two values stored in variables for later use, do:
answer <- t.test( data, conf.level=1-alpha )
lower_bound <- answer$conf.int[1]
upper_bound <- answer$conf.int[2]

# If you just need to see the results in a report, do this alone:
t.test( data, conf.level=1-alpha )

	One Sample t-test

data:  data
t = 3.1853, df = 16, p-value = 0.005753
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
  70.29848 350.05446
sample estimates:
mean of x 
 210.1765 

Note: The solution above assumes that the population is normally distributed, which is a common assumption in introductory statistics courses, but we have not verified that assumption here.

Content last modified on 24 July 2023.

See a problem? Tell us or edit the source.

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